Homebrew is an open-source package manager for macOS that offers an easy way to install software and tolls through the command line. If you are a coder, developer, Terminal lover, or more tech-savvy than an average Mac user, you can use Homebrew to simplify software installation on your Mac. Additionally, SUMO provides native macOS application bundles for its graphical applications, so they can be added to the macOS dock. There is a separate brew cask that will copy these bundles to the Applications folder: brew cask install sumo-gui.
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Some system emulations on Linux use KVM, a special emulation mode which claims to reach nearly native speed.KVM is mainly used for x86 (32 and 64 bit) emulation on x86 hosts running Linux. Should you want to run Qemu with KVM support on a G5, depending on your distribution, you might have to compile your own kernel with KVM support.
If your host's (your computer) architecture matches the guest's (QEMU) architecture and is running Mac OS 10.10 or higher, then you could speed up execution to near native speed using this option: -accel hvf
Installing QEMU using a package manager
Building QEMU for macOS
The system requirements are:
- One of the two most recent versions of macOS (currently Catalina or Big Sur)
- The clang compiler shipped with the version of Xcode for that OS X. GCC might also work, but we recommend clang
Additional build requirements are:
make (when installed through brew, make is installed as gmake, so use gmake)
After downloading the QEMU source code, double-click it to expand it.
Then configure and make QEMU. The target-list option is used to build only the machine or machines you want. If you don't specify it, all machines would be built. Probably not what you want.
This way doesn't require you to wait for the configure command to complete:
If your system has the 'say' command, you can use it to tell you when QEMU is done
You can use './configure --help' to see a full list of options.
Here are all the currently available machines:
- aarch64-softmmu
- alpha-softmmu
- arm-softmmu
- cris-softmmu
- i386-softmmu
- lm32-softmmu
- m68k-softmmu
- microblaze-softmmu
- microblazeel-softmmu
- mips-softmmu
- mips64-softmmu
- mips64el-softmmu
- mipsel-softmmu
- moxie-softmmu
- or32-softmmu
- ppc-softmmu
- ppc64-softmmu
- ppcemb-softmmu
- s390x-softmmu
- sh4-softmmu
- sh4eb-softmmu
- sparc-softmmu
- sparc64-softmmu
- tricore-softmmu
- unicore32-softmmu
- x86_64-softmmu
- xtensa-softmmu
- xtensaeb-softmmu
We recommend building QEMU with the -default compiler provided by Apple, for your version of Mac OS X (which will be 'clang'). The configure script will automatically pick this.
Errors on old compilers
Note: If after the configure step you see a message like this:
you may have to install your own version of gcc. You can build it from source (expect that to take several hours) or obtain third party binaries of gcc available from Homebrew or MacPorts.
You can have several versions of GCC on your system. To specify a certain version, use the --cc and --cxx options.
Build with LLVM/Clang 7
If you need to compile with newer versions of clang (to get f.i. AVX/AVX2 support), you can install llvm through e.g., brew.
Note that building for machines with CPUs supporting such extensions will exclude running your binary on earlier machines.
Compile with:
Contacts
If there are any issues with this web page, please let me know.
You can install cryptography with pip:
If this does not work please upgrade your pip first, as that is thesingle most common cause of installation problems.
Supported platforms¶
Currently we test cryptography on Python 3.6+ and PyPy3 7.3.1 on theseoperating systems.
- x86-64 & AArch64 CentOS 8.x
- x86-64 Fedora (latest)
- x86-64 macOS 10.15 Catalina
- x86-64 & AArch64 Ubuntu 18.04, 20.04
- x86-64 Ubuntu rolling
- x86-64 Debian Stretch (9.x), Buster (10.x), Bullseye (11.x), and Sid(unstable)
- x86-64 Alpine (latest)
- 32-bit and 64-bit Python on 64-bit Windows Server 2019
We test compiling with clang as well as gcc and use the followingOpenSSL releases:
OpenSSL1.1.0-latestOpenSSL1.1.1-latest
Building cryptography on Windows¶
The wheel package on Windows is a statically linked build (as of 0.5) so alldependencies are included. To install cryptography, you will typicallyjust run
If you prefer to compile it yourself you’ll need to have OpenSSL installed.You can compile OpenSSL yourself as well or use a binary distribution.Be sure to download the proper version for your architecture and Python(VC2015 is required for 3.6 and above). Wherever you place your copy of OpenSSLyou’ll need to set the LIB and INCLUDE environment variables to includethe proper locations. For example:
As of OpenSSL 1.1.0 the library names have changed from libeay32 andssleay32 to libcrypto and libssl (matching their names on all otherplatforms). cryptography links against the new 1.1.0 names by default. Ifyou need to compile cryptography against an older version then you mustset CRYPTOGRAPHY_WINDOWS_LINK_LEGACY_OPENSSL or else installation will fail.
You will also need to have Rust installed andavailable.
If you need to rebuild cryptography for any reason be sure to clear thelocal wheel cache.
Building cryptography on Linux¶
Note
If you are on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora/Debian/Ubuntu or another distributionderived from the preceding list, then you should upgrade pip andattempt to install cryptography again before following the instructionsto compile it below. These platforms will receive a binary wheel andrequire no compiler if you have an updated pip!
cryptography ships manylinux wheels (as of 2.0) so all dependenciesare included. For users on pip 19.0 or above running on a manylinux2010(or greater) compatible distribution (almost everything except Alpine) allyou should need to do is:
If you are on Alpine or just want to compile it yourself thencryptography requires a C compiler, a Rust compiler, headers for Python (ifyou’re not using pypy), and headers for the OpenSSL and libffi librariesavailable on your system.
On all Linux distributions you will need to have Rust installed andavailable.
Alpine¶
Warning
The Rust available by default in Alpine < 3.12 is older than the minimumsupported version. See the Rust installation instructions for information about installing a newer Rust.
If you get an error with openssl-dev you may have to use libressl-dev.
Debian/Ubuntu¶
Warning
The Rust available in current Debian stable and some Ubuntu versions isolder than the minimum supported version. Ubuntu 18.04 and 20.04 aresufficiently new, but otherwise please see theRust installation instructions for informationabout installing a newer Rust.
Fedora/RHEL 8/CentOS 8¶
Warning
For RHEL and CentOS you must be on version 8.3 or newer for the commandbelow to install a sufficiently new Rust. If your Rust is less than 1.41.0please see the Rust installation instructionsfor information about installing a newer Rust.
RHEL 7/CentOS 7¶
Warning
You must install Rust using the Rust installation instructions. cryptography requires a Rust version newer thanwhat is provided in the distribution packages.
Building¶
Brew Macos Catalina
You should now be able to build and install cryptography. To avoid gettingthe pre-built wheel on manylinux compatible distributions you’ll need touse --no-binary.
Using your own OpenSSL on Linux¶
Python links to OpenSSL for its own purposes and this can sometimes causeproblems when you wish to use a different version of OpenSSL with cryptography.If you want to use cryptography with your own build of OpenSSL you will need tomake sure that the build is configured correctly so that your version ofOpenSSL doesn’t conflict with Python’s.
The options you need to add allow the linker to identify every symbol correctlyeven when multiple versions of the library are linked into the same program. Ifyou are using your distribution’s source packages these will probably bepatched in for you already, otherwise you’ll need to use options something likethis when configuring OpenSSL:
Static Wheels¶
Cryptography ships statically-linked wheels for macOS, Windows, and Linux (viamanylinux). This allows compatible environments to use the most recentOpenSSL, regardless of what is shipped by default on those platforms. SomeLinux distributions (most notably Alpine) are not manylinux compatible sowe cannot distribute wheels for them.
However, you can build your own statically-linked wheels that will work on yourown systems. This will allow you to continue to use relatively old Linuxdistributions (such as LTS releases), while making sure you have the mostrecent OpenSSL available to your Python programs.
To do so, you should find yourself a machine that is as similar as possible toyour target environment (e.g. your production environment): for example, spinup a new cloud server running your target Linux distribution. On this machine,install the Cryptography dependencies as mentioned in Building cryptography on Linux.Please also make sure you have virtualenv installed: this should beavailable from your system package manager.
Then, paste the following into a shell script. You’ll need to populate theOPENSSL_VERSION variable. To do that, visit openssl.org and find thelatest non-FIPS release version number, then set the string appropriately. Forexample, for OpenSSL 1.0.2k, use OPENSSL_VERSION='1.0.2k'.
When this shell script is complete, you’ll find a collection of wheel files ina directory called wheelhouse. These wheels can be installed by asufficiently-recent version of pip. The Cryptography wheel in thisdirectory contains a statically-linked OpenSSL binding, which ensures that youhave access to the most-recent OpenSSL releases without corrupting your systemdependencies.
Building cryptography on macOS¶
Note
If installation gives a fatalerror:'openssl/aes.h'filenotfoundsee the FAQ for information about how to fix this issue.
The wheel package on macOS is a statically linked build (as of 1.0.1) so forusers with pip 8 or above you only need one step:
If you want to build cryptography yourself or are on an older macOS version,cryptography requires the presence of a C compiler, development headers, andthe proper libraries. On macOS much of this is provided by Apple’s Xcodedevelopment tools. To install the Xcode command line tools (on macOS 10.10+)open a terminal window and run:
This will install a compiler (clang) along with (most of) the requireddevelopment headers.
You will also need to have Rust installed andavailable, which can be obtained from Homebrew,MacPorts, or directly from the Rust website.
Finally you need OpenSSL, which you can obtain from Homebrew or MacPorts.Cryptography does not support the OpenSSL/LibreSSL libraries Apple shipsin its base operating system.
To build cryptography and dynamically link it:
Brew On Macos Catalina Installer
MacPorts:
You can also build cryptography statically:
MacPorts:
If you need to rebuild cryptography for any reason be sure to clear thelocal wheel cache.
Rust¶
How To Install Brew On Mac Catalina
Note
If you are on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora/Debian/Ubuntu or another distributionderived from the preceding list, then you should upgrade pip (ina virtual environment!) and attempt to install cryptography againbefore trying to install the Rust toolchain. These platforms will receivea binary wheel and require no compiler if you have an updated pip!
Building cryptography requires having a working Rust toolchain. The currentminimum supported Rust version is 1.41.0. This is newer than the Rust mostpackage managers ship, so users will likely need to install with theinstructions below.
How To Install Homebrew On Macos Catalina
Instructions for installing Rust can be found on the Rust Project’s website.We recommend installing Rust with rustup (as documented by the RustProject) in order to ensure you have a recent version.
Rust is only required when building cryptography, meaning that you mayinstall it for the duration of your pipinstall command and then remove itfrom a system. A Rust toolchain is not required to usecryptography. Indeployments such as docker, you may use a multi-stage Dockerfile whereyou install Rust during the build phase but do not install it in the runtimeimage. This is the same as the C compiler toolchain which is also required tobuild cryptography, but not afterwards.